弁護士法人　裕後法律事務所
登録支援機関登録

1　司法権　　the judicial power
2　司法審査権　　power of judicial review
3　連邦最高裁判所の管轄権　　jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
4　第一審管轄権　　original jurisdiction
5　上訴管轄権　　appellate jurisdiction
6　サーシオレイライ　　writ of Certiorari
　　The Supreme Court has complete discretion to hear cases that come to it by certiorari.
7　権利上訴　　appeal by right
8　勧告的意見は認められない　　No Advisory Opinions
　　There must be specific present harm or threat of specific future harm.
9　宣告的判決　　declaratory judgement
10　成熟性　　ripeness-immediate threat of harm　　
　　A plaintiff is not entitled to review of a statute or regulation before its enforcement unless the
 　　plaintiff will suffer some harm or immediate threat of harm.
11　争訟性の喪失　　mootness
A federal court will not hear a case that has become moot.
12　当事者適格　　standing
A person must have a concrete stake in the outcome of a case.
13　権利侵害　　injury
14　因果関係　　causation
15　救済可能性　　redressability
16　連邦議会による当事者適格　　congressional conferral of standing
17　連邦制定法を執行する当事者適格　　standing to enforce government statutes
18　他者の権利を主張する当事者適格　　standing to assert rights of others
19　組織の当事者適格　　standing of organizations
20　市民権では当事者適格は満たさない　　no citizenship standing
21　納税者の当事者適格　taxpayer standing
22　宗教公益団体　　religious charitable organization
23　連邦政府の補助金　federal funding
24　行政命令　　executive order
25　一般予算から支出される行政府の行為　　executive-branch actions funded by the general funds
26　適切かつ独立した州法に基づく場合　　adequate and independent state grounds
27　回避　abstention
28　州法に関する未解決問題　　unsettled question of state law
A federal court will temporarily abstain from resolving a constitutional claim when the disposition rests on an unsettled question of state law.
29　係属中の州の手続　　pending state proceedings
30　禁止する　　enjoin
31　刑事手続　　criminal proceedings
32　行政又は民事手続　　administrative or civil proceedings
33　迷惑行為　　harassment
34　政治的問題　　political questions
Political questions will not be decided. These are issues constitutionally committed to another branch of government or inherently incapable of judicial resolution.
35　主権免除　　Sovereign immunity
36　課税権限　　taxing power
37　歳出権限　　spending power
38　通商権限　　commerce power
39　州内活動　　intrastate activity
40　戦争及びこれに関連した権限　　war and related powers
41　経済的規制　　economic regulation
42　軍事裁判所及び軍事裁判　　military courts and tribunals
43　敵国文民及び兵士　　enemy civilians and soldiers
44　人身保護令状　　habeas corpus
A writ employed to bring a person before a court, most frequently to ensure that the party’s imprisonment or detention is not illegal.
45　調査権　　investigatory power
46　財産に関する権限　　property power
47　収用　　takings
48　公用収用　　eminent domain
49　福祉権能　　police power
The inherent and plenary power of a sovereign to make all laws necessary and proper to preserve the public security, order, health, morality, and justice
50　破産に関する権限　　bankruptcy power
51　郵便に関する権限　　postal power
52　市民権に関する権限　　power over citizenship
53　外国人の排除　　exclusion of aliens
54　帰化及び国籍剥奪　　naturalization and denaturalization
55　海事に関する権限　　admiralty power
56　貨幣を鋳造する権限及び度量衡の基準を定める権限　　power to coin money and fix weights and measures
57　特許権及び著作権　　patens/copyrights
58　立法権の委任　　delegation of legislative power
59　明瞭な基準　　intelligible standards
60　連邦議員の免責　　immunity for federal legislators
61　二院制　　bicameralism
The necessity of approval by a majority of both houses of Congress in ratifying legislation or approving legislative action
62　正式通知　　presentment
The act of bringing a congressional decision before the President for his approval or veto
63　任命権　　appointment powers
64　解任　　removal of appointees
65　弾劾手続　　impeachment process
66　恩赦　　pardon
67　拒否権　　veto power
68　拒否権の放置　　pocket veto
69　会期中　　in session
70　全体として　　in toto
71　賛否　　yeas and nays
72　予算不執行　　impound
73　現実の戦争　　actual hostilities
74　外交関係　　foreign relations
75　条約締結権　　treaty power
76　国内法化　　implementation
77　行政協定　　executive agreement
78　州法との抵触　　conflict with state laws
79　行政特権　　executive privilege
80　公式表明　　communiques
81　大統領補佐官　　presidential aides
82　反逆罪　　treason
83　重大な犯罪　　high crimes
84　軽罪　　misdemeanors

1　連邦制　federalism
2　権力分立　separation of powers
3　立法府　legislative
4　行政府　executive
5　司法府　judicial
6　法律を制定する権力　the power to make the law
7　法律を執行する権力　the power to enforce the law
8　法律を解釈する権力　the power to interpret the law
9　抑制と均衡　Checks and Balances
10　連邦裁判官の指名　Appoints Federal judges
11　指名の承認　Confirms appointments
12　司法審査　Judicial review
13　拒否権　Veto power
14　違憲　unconstitutional
15　制定法　statute
16　コモン・ロー　common law
17　連邦制定法　federal statute
18　州制定法　state statute
19　連邦コモン・ロー　federal common law
20　州コモン・ロー　state common law
21　規定　codes
22　規則　rules
23　行政機関　administrative agencies
24　規制　regulations
25　条約　treaties
26　米国法の序列　Hierarchy of U.S.Law
27　陪審審理　jury trial
28　損害賠償　damages
29　貴族院　House of Lords
30　大法官　Lord Chancellor
31　エクイティ上の利益　equitable interest
32　法律家協会　State Bar association
33　法律業務　practice of law
34　その事件限り　pro hac vice
35　最高裁判所裁判官　Justice
36　事実審及び上訴審の裁判官　Judge
37　治安判事　magistrate, justice of the peace
38　治安判事裁判所　justice of the peace court
39　有給治安何時　stipendiary magistrate
40　司法官　judicial officer
41　政府の代理人　government attorney
42　連邦政府　federal government
43　州政府　state government
44　フィラデルフィア　Philadelphia
45　憲法制定会議　constitutional convention
46　権利章典　Bill of Rights
47　前文　Preamble
48　条文　Articles
49　修正条項　Amendments
50　連邦事実審裁判所　　federal trial court
51　連邦上訴裁判所　　federal appellate court
52　連邦最高裁判所　　federal supreme court
53　連邦特別裁判所　　federal special court
54　１２の巡回区上訴裁判所　　12 regional Circuit Courts of Appeals
55　一次的な事実審裁判所　　primary trial court
56　地方裁判所　　district court
57　地区　　district
58　事実問題　　matter of fact　
59　法律問題　　matter of law
60　国際貿易裁判所　　Court of International Trade
61　連邦巡回区上訴裁判所　　The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal circuit
62　連邦最高裁判所首席裁判官　　Chief Justice
63　連邦最高裁判所陪席裁判官　　associate justice
64　州事実審裁判所　　state trial court
65　一般的管轄権　　general jurisdiction
66　訴額の限度　　dollar limitation
67　公式記録　　formal records
68　下位事実審裁判所　　inferior trial court
69　少額裁判所　　small claims court
70　州上訴裁判所　　state appellate court
71　州中級上訴裁判所　　intermediate appellate court
72　裁量　　discretionary
73　特別裁判所　　special court
74　制限的管轄権　　specialized/limited jurisdiction
75　遺言及び遺産の管理　　administration of wills and estates
76　検認裁判所　　probate court
77　離婚及び子供の親権　　divorce and child custody
78　家庭裁判所　　family court
79　管轄権　　jurisdiction
80　事件を受理し審理する裁判所の権限　
       power or authority of a court to hear and decide a given case
81　事物管轄権　　subject matter jurisdiction
82　人的管轄権　　personal jurisdiction
83　連邦専属管轄権　　exclusive federal jurisdiction
84　競合管轄権　　concurrent jurisdiction
85　連邦問題管轄権　　federal question jurisdiction
86　訴額　　amount in controversy
87　州籍相違管轄権　　diversity jurisdiction
88　州専属管轄権　　exclusive state jurisdiction
89　対人管轄権　　in personam jurisdiction
90　対物管轄権　　in rem jurisdiction
91　準対物管轄権　　Quasi in rem jurisdiction
92　大陪審　　grand jury
93　小陪審　　petty jury
94　訴訟原因　　cause of action
95　訴状　　complaint
96　訴答　　pleadings
97　欠席判決　　default judgement
98　正式事実審理前手続　　pretrial
99　正式事実審理前の取立　　pretrial motion
100　請求開示　　discovery
101　サマリージャッジメント　　summary judgement
102　正式事実審理　　trial
103　陪審審理　　jury trial
104　裁判所審理　　court trial
105　判決　　judgement
106　判決登録　　entry of judgement
107　判決確定　　final and binding judgement
108　上訴　　appeal
109　捜索及び押収　　search and seizure　　
110　逮捕又はその他の留置　　arrest and other detention
111　逮捕記録手続　　booking
112　所持品検査　　inventory
113　指紋採取　　fingerprinting
114　宣誓供述書　　affidavit
115　宣誓　　oath
116　訴追請求書　　complaint
117　最初の出頭　　initial appearance
118　予審審問　　preliminary hearing
119　公判前留置及び保釈　　pretrial detention and bail
120　正式起訴　　indictment
121　罪状認否手続　　arraignment
122　公判前審理　　pretrial hearing
123　無罪　　not guilty
124　正式事実審理　　trial
125　有罪の答弁　　guilty plea
126　不抗争　　nolo contendere
127　量刑審問手続　　sentencing hearing
128　刑の宣告　　sentencing
129　刑罰　　punishment
130　上訴又は事後的攻撃　　appeal or collateral attack
131　非陪審審理　　bench trial
132　模範法典　　model code
133　アメリカ法律家協会　　America Bar Association
134　アメリカ法律協会　　American Law Institute
135　法律家行動準則模範規程　　Model Rules of Professional Conduct
136　模範刑法典　　Model Penal Code
137　統一州法委員会全国会議　　National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws
138　統一商事法典　　Uniform Commercial Code
139　制定法の文言　　statutory language
140　明白な意味の原則　　plain meaning rule
141　同類解釈則　　Ejusden Generis/”Of the same king”
142　列挙されたものと同種という解釈　　Noscitur a sociis/”It is Known by its Companions”
143　１つのことを明記しているのはその他のものの排除を意味するという解釈　　
         Expressio Unius/”The Mention of One Thing Excludes Other Things”
144　刑事制定法の綿密な解釈　　narrow construction of penal statutes
145　救済的制定法の広範な解釈　　broad construction of remedial statutes
146　特別法　　specific statute
147　一般法　　general statute
148　立法意図　　Legislative intent
149　立法過程　　Legislative history
150　遡及適用に係る問題　　Retroactivity problem
151　先例法理　　stare decisis
152　裁判所の意見　　court opinion
153　多数意見　　majority opinion
154　同意意見　　concurring opinion
155　反対意見　　dissenting opinion
156　相対多数意見　　plurality opinion
157　不法行為法　　Torts
158　一応の立証　　prima facie case
159　故意による不法行為　　intentional torts
160　過失による不法行為　　negligence torts
161　厳格責任　　strict liability
162　正当防衛　　self-defense
163　緊急避難　　necessity
164　寄与過失　　contributory negligence
165　比較過失　　comparative negligence
166　契約法　　contracts
167　相互の同意　　Mutual Assent
168　約因　　Consideration
169　抗弁が存在しない　　NO Defenses
170　申込　　Offer
171　承諾　　Acceptance
172　契約の成立に対する抗弁　　Defenses To Formation
173　相互の錯誤　　mutual mistake
174　一方的錯誤　　unilateral mistake
175　約因の不存在　　absence of consideration
176　違法性　　illegality
177　能力の欠如に基づく抗弁　　Defenses Based On Lack Of Capacity
178　契約する法的能力の欠如　　legal incapacity to contract
179　未成年者との契約　　contracts of minors
180　意思無能力　　mental incapacity
181　酩酊した者　　intoxicated persons
182　強迫及び不当威圧　　duress and coercion
183　強制力に対する抗弁　　Defenses To enforcement
184　詐欺防止法　　statutes of frauds
185　非良心性　　unconscionability　
186　物品　　goods
187　不動産　　real estate
188　役務　　services
189　無形財産　　intangibles
190　建築契約　　construction contracts
191　特定履行　　specific performance
192　救済　　remedies
193　コモン・ロー上の損害賠償　　Legal damages
194　填補的損害賠償　　Compensatory damages
195　名目的損害賠償　　Nominal damages
196　懲罰的損害賠償　　Punitive damages
197　原状回復による救済　　Restitutionary remedies
198　コモン・ロー上の原状回復　　legal restitutionary
199　原状回復のための損害賠償　　Restitutionary damages
200　動産占有訴訟　　replevin
201　不動産占有回復訴訟　　Ejectment
202　エクイティ上の原状回復　　Equitable restitutionary
203　擬制信託　　Constructive trust
204　エクイティ上の先取特権　　Equitable lien
205　エクイティ上の救済　　Equitable remedies
206　中間的差止命令　　interlocutory injunction
207　一方的緊急差止命令　　Temporary restraining order
208　暫定的差止命令　　Preliminary injunction
209　本案的差止命令　　Permanent injunction
210　エクイティ上の解除　　Equitable rescission
211　破棄　　Cancellation

1　勾留質問手続　　pre-indictment detention hearing
2　検察官　　public prosecutor
3　黙秘権　　right to remain silent
4　弁護人選任権　　right to counsel
5　勾留の要件　　summary of pre-indictment detention procedures
6　勾留の期間　　duration of pre-indictment detention
7　被疑事実の告知　　notice of alleged facts
8　被疑事実に対する陳述　　statement by the suspect concerning the allegation
9　勾留通知先　　notification of pre-indictment detention
10　領事機関への通報　　notification to consul
11　読み聞け　　reading of the recorded statement of the defendant, signature and seal
12　公判手続　　trial procedures
13　開廷宣言　　convening the court
14　通訳人の宣誓　　oath by the interpreter
15　人定質問　　question to the defendant for identification
16　起訴状朗読　　reading the indictment
17　黙秘権の告知　　notice of right to remain silent
18　被告事件に対する陳述　　statement by the defendant concerning the charge
19　弁護人の意見　　defense counsel’s opinion
20　冒頭陳述　　public prosecutor’s opening statement
21　証拠調べ請求　　request for examination of the evidence
22　証拠請求に対する意見　　
　　opinion of the defendant concerning the request to examine the evidence
23　書証　　documentary evidence
24　証拠物　　physical evidence
25　書証の要旨の告知　　summary of the documentary evidence
26　証拠物の展示　　exhibition of the physical evidence
27　証人申請　　request to examine a witness
28　証人申請に対する意見及び証人の採用　　
　　opinion concerning the request to examine a witness and the ruling of admission
29　証人の尋問手続　　procedure to examine a witness
30　証人の宣誓　　witness’s oath
31　異議申立て及びその裁定　　objections and rulings
32　証人尋問の終了　　conclusion of examination of witness
33　弁論の併合決定　　joinder rulings of the oral proceedings
34　訴因及び罰条等の変更　　changes in the counts and applicable articles of laws or ordinances
35　論告　　closing argument
36　弁護人の弁論　　defense counsel’s argument
37　出入国管理及び難民認定法違反のケース　　
　　case of Violation of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act
38　窃盗のケース　　case of larceny
39　被告人の最終陳述　　defendant’s final statement
40　公判期日の告知　　notice of trial date
41　次回公判期日の告知　　notice of next trial date
42　判決言渡期日の告知　　notice of judgement date
43　判決宣告　　pronunciation of judgement
44　執行猶予の説明　　explaining suspension of execution of sentence
45　未決勾留日数　　
　　inclusion of the days held under detention pending trial in the term of punishment
46　保護観察の説明　　explaining of probation
47　上訴権の告知　　notice of the right of appeal
48　第一審における判決主文　　judgment in the court of first instance
49　主刑　　principal punishment
50　懲役　　imprisonment with forced labor
51　禁錮　　imprisonment without forced labor
52　有罪　　guilty judgment
53　労役場留置　　detention at a work-house for non-payment of fine
54　刑の執行猶予　　suspension of execution of sentence
55　保護観察　　probationary supervision
56　補導処分　　guidance disposition
57　没収　　forfeiture
58　追徴　　collection of equivalent value
59　被害者還付　　restoration of seized object to the victim
60　仮納付　　provisional payment
61　訴訟費用の負担　　payment of litigation costs
62　計の執行の減軽又は免除　　reduction or remission of execution of punishment
63　刑の免除　　remission of punishment
64　無罪　　not guilty
65　一部無罪　　not guilty for part of charges
66　免訴　　dismissal for external reasons
67　公訴棄却　　dismissal of indictment
68　管轄違い　　lack of jurisdiction
69　控訴棄却　　dismissal of appeal
70　破棄自判　　reversal and rendering judgment of the case
71　破棄差戻し　　reversal and remanding of the case
72　破棄移送　　reversal and transfer of the case
73　判決理由　　ground for judgment
74　罪となるべき事実　　facts constituting the offense
75　変造有価証券行使罪　　uttering altered securities
76　覚せい剤取締法違反　　violation of the Stimulant Drug Control Law
77　大麻取締法違反　　violation of the Cannabis Control Law
78　麻薬及び向精神薬取締法違反　　violation of the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control law
79　強盗致死罪　　robbery resulting in death
80　業務上過失傷害罪　　bodily injury through negligence in the conduct of occupation
81　傷害罪　　bodily injury
82　詐欺罪　　fraud
83　殺人罪（確定的故意）　　homicide
84　殺人罪（未必的故意）　　murder
85　銃砲刀剣類所持等取締法違反及び火薬類取締法違反　　
　　violation of the Firearms and Swords Control Law and the Gunpowder Control law
86　万引き　　shoplifting
87　すり　　pickpocketing
88　教唆　　solicitation
89　幇助　　assistance
90　証拠の標目　　evidence list
91　累犯前科　　previous criminal record which will raise the maximum prescribed penalty
92　確定判決　　judgment which already became final
93　法令の適用　　application of legal provisions
94　量刑の理由　　grounds for sentencing
95　アリバイ　　alibi
96　改悛の情　　repentance/remorse
97　鑑定　　expert evidence/expert opinion
98　起訴猶予　　suspension of prosecution
99　強制送還　　deportation
100　所持品検査　　police inspection of personal property