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1 司法権 the judicial
power
2 司法審査権 power of
judicial review
3 連邦最高裁判所の管轄権 jurisdiction
of the Supreme Court
4 第一審管轄権 original
jurisdiction
5 上訴管轄権 appellate jurisdiction
6 サーシオレイライ writ of Certiorari
The Supreme Court has complete discretion
to hear cases that come to it by certiorari.
7 権利上訴 appeal by
right
8 勧告的意見は認められない No
Advisory Opinions
There must be specific present harm or threat
of specific future harm.
9 宣告的判決 declaratory
judgement
10 成熟性 ripeness-immediate
threat of harm
A
plaintiff is not entitled to review of a statute or regulation before its
enforcement unless the
plaintiff will suffer some harm or immediate threat of
harm.
11 争訟性の喪失 mootness
A federal court will not hear a case that
has become moot.
12 当事者適格 standing
A person must have a concrete stake in the
outcome of a case.
13 権利侵害 injury
14 因果関係 causation
15 救済可能性 redressability
16 連邦議会による当事者適格 congressional
conferral of standing
17 連邦制定法を執行する当事者適格 standing
to enforce government statutes
18 他者の権利を主張する当事者適格 standing
to assert rights of others
19 組織の当事者適格 standing
of organizations
20 市民権では当事者適格は満たさない no
citizenship standing
21 納税者の当事者適格 taxpayer standing
22 宗教公益団体 religious
charitable organization
23 連邦政府の補助金 federal
funding
24 行政命令 executive
order
25 一般予算から支出される行政府の行為 executive-branch
actions funded by the general funds
26 適切かつ独立した州法に基づく場合 adequate
and independent state grounds
27 回避 abstention
28 州法に関する未解決問題 unsettled
question of state law
A federal court will temporarily abstain
from resolving a constitutional claim when the disposition rests on an
unsettled question of state law.
29 係属中の州の手続 pending
state proceedings
30 禁止する enjoin
31 刑事手続 criminal
proceedings
32 行政又は民事手続 administrative
or civil proceedings
33 迷惑行為 harassment
34 政治的問題 political
questions
Political
questions will not be decided. These are issues constitutionally committed to
another branch of government or inherently incapable of judicial resolution.
35 主権免除 Sovereign
immunity
36 課税権限 taxing power
37 歳出権限 spending power
38 通商権限 commerce power
39 州内活動 intrastate
activity
40 戦争及びこれに関連した権限 war
and related powers
41 経済的規制 economic
regulation
42 軍事裁判所及び軍事裁判 military
courts and tribunals
43 敵国文民及び兵士 enemy
civilians and soldiers
44 人身保護令状 habeas
corpus
A writ employed to bring a person before a
court, most frequently to ensure that the party’s imprisonment or detention is
not illegal.
45 調査権 investigatory
power
46 財産に関する権限 property
power
47 収用 takings
48 公用収用 eminent domain
49 福祉権能 police power
The inherent and plenary power of a
sovereign to make all laws necessary and proper to preserve the public
security, order, health, morality, and justice
50 破産に関する権限 bankruptcy
power
51 郵便に関する権限 postal
power
52 市民権に関する権限 power
over citizenship
53 外国人の排除 exclusion of
aliens
54 帰化及び国籍剥奪 naturalization
and denaturalization
55 海事に関する権限 admiralty
power
56 貨幣を鋳造する権限及び度量衡の基準を定める権限 power to coin money and fix weights and measures
57 特許権及び著作権 patens/copyrights
58 立法権の委任 delegation of
legislative power
59 明瞭な基準 intelligible
standards
60 連邦議員の免責 immunity
for federal legislators
61 二院制 bicameralism
The necessity of approval by a majority of
both houses of Congress in ratifying legislation or approving legislative
action
62 正式通知 presentment
The act
of bringing a congressional decision before the President for his approval or
veto
63 任命権 appointment
powers
64 解任 removal of
appointees
65 弾劾手続 impeachment
process
66 恩赦 pardon
67 拒否権 veto power
68 拒否権の放置 pocket veto
69 会期中 in session
70 全体として in toto
71 賛否 yeas and nays
72 予算不執行 impound
73 現実の戦争 actual
hostilities
74 外交関係 foreign
relations
75 条約締結権 treaty power
76 国内法化 implementation
77 行政協定 executive
agreement
78 州法との抵触 conflict
with state laws
79 行政特権 executive
privilege
80 公式表明 communiques
81 大統領補佐官 presidential
aides
82 反逆罪 treason
83 重大な犯罪 high crimes
84 軽罪 misdemeanors
1 連邦制 federalism
2 権力分立 separation of
powers
3 立法府 legislative
4 行政府 executive
5 司法府 judicial
6 法律を制定する権力 the power
to make the law
7 法律を執行する権力 the power
to enforce the law
8 法律を解釈する権力 the power
to interpret the law
9 抑制と均衡 Checks and
Balances
10 連邦裁判官の指名 Appoints
Federal judges
11 指名の承認 Confirms
appointments
12 司法審査 Judicial review
13 拒否権 Veto power
14 違憲 unconstitutional
15 制定法 statute
16 コモン・ロー common law
17 連邦制定法 federal
statute
18 州制定法 state statute
19 連邦コモン・ロー federal
common law
20 州コモン・ロー state common
law
21 規定 codes
22 規則 rules
23 行政機関 administrative
agencies
24 規制 regulations
25 条約 treaties
26 米国法の序列 Hierarchy of
U.S.Law
27 陪審審理 jury trial
28 損害賠償 damages
29 貴族院 House of Lords
30 大法官 Lord Chancellor
31 エクイティ上の利益 equitable
interest
32 法律家協会 State Bar
association
33 法律業務 practice of law
34 その事件限り pro hac vice
35 最高裁判所裁判官 Justice
36 事実審及び上訴審の裁判官 Judge
37 治安判事 magistrate,
justice of the peace
38 治安判事裁判所 justice of
the peace court
39 有給治安何時 stipendiary
magistrate
40 司法官 judicial officer
41 政府の代理人 government
attorney
42 連邦政府 federal
government
43 州政府 state government
44 フィラデルフィア Philadelphia
45 憲法制定会議 constitutional
convention
46 権利章典 Bill of Rights
47 前文 Preamble
48 条文 Articles
49 修正条項 Amendments
50 連邦事実審裁判所 federal trial court
51 連邦上訴裁判所 federal appellate
court
52 連邦最高裁判所 federal supreme
court
53 連邦特別裁判所 federal special
court
54 12の巡回区上訴裁判所 12
regional Circuit Courts of Appeals
55 一次的な事実審裁判所 primary
trial court
56 地方裁判所 district court
57 地区 district
58 事実問題 matter of fact
59 法律問題 matter of law
60 国際貿易裁判所 Court of
International Trade
61 連邦巡回区上訴裁判所 The United States
Court of Appeals for the Federal circuit
62 連邦最高裁判所首席裁判官 Chief Justice
63 連邦最高裁判所陪席裁判官 associate justice
64 州事実審裁判所 state trial court
65 一般的管轄権 general
jurisdiction
66 訴額の限度 dollar limitation
67 公式記録 formal records
68 下位事実審裁判所 inferior trial
court
69 少額裁判所 small claims court
70 州上訴裁判所 state appellate
court
71 州中級上訴裁判所 intermediate
appellate court
72 裁量 discretionary
73 特別裁判所 special court
74 制限的管轄権 specialized/limited
jurisdiction
75 遺言及び遺産の管理 administration
of wills and estates
76 検認裁判所 probate court
77 離婚及び子供の親権 divorce
and child custody
78 家庭裁判所 family court
79 管轄権 jurisdiction
80 事件を受理し審理する裁判所の権限
power
or authority of a court to hear and decide a given case
81 事物管轄権 subject matter
jurisdiction
82 人的管轄権 personal
jurisdiction
83 連邦専属管轄権 exclusive federal
jurisdiction
84 競合管轄権 concurrent
jurisdiction
85 連邦問題管轄権 federal question
jurisdiction
86 訴額 amount in
controversy
87 州籍相違管轄権 diversity
jurisdiction
88 州専属管轄権 exclusive state
jurisdiction
89 対人管轄権 in personam jurisdiction
90 対物管轄権 in rem jurisdiction
91 準対物管轄権 Quasi in rem
jurisdiction
92 大陪審 grand jury
93 小陪審 petty jury
94 訴訟原因 cause of action
95 訴状 complaint
96 訴答 pleadings
97 欠席判決 default judgement
98 正式事実審理前手続 pretrial
99 正式事実審理前の取立 pretrial
motion
100 請求開示 discovery
101 サマリージャッジメント summary
judgement
102 正式事実審理 trial
103 陪審審理 jury trial
104 裁判所審理 court trial
105 判決 judgement
106 判決登録 entry of judgement
107 判決確定 final and
binding judgement
108 上訴 appeal
109 捜索及び押収 search and
seizure
110 逮捕又はその他の留置 arrest
and other detention
111 逮捕記録手続 booking
112 所持品検査 inventory
113 指紋採取 fingerprinting
114 宣誓供述書 affidavit
115 宣誓 oath
116 訴追請求書 complaint
117 最初の出頭 initial appearance
118 予審審問 preliminary
hearing
119 公判前留置及び保釈 pretrial
detention and bail
120 正式起訴 indictment
121 罪状認否手続 arraignment
122 公判前審理 pretrial hearing
123 無罪 not guilty
124 正式事実審理 trial
125 有罪の答弁 guilty plea
126 不抗争 nolo contendere
127 量刑審問手続 sentencing hearing
128 刑の宣告 sentencing
129 刑罰 punishment
130 上訴又は事後的攻撃 appeal or
collateral attack
131 非陪審審理 bench trial
132 模範法典 model code
133 アメリカ法律家協会 America
Bar Association
134 アメリカ法律協会 American
Law Institute
135 法律家行動準則模範規程 Model
Rules of Professional Conduct
136 模範刑法典 Model Penal
Code
137 統一州法委員会全国会議 National Conference
of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws
138 統一商事法典 Uniform Commercial
Code
139 制定法の文言 statutory
language
140 明白な意味の原則 plain
meaning rule
141 同類解釈則 Ejusden
Generis/”Of the same king”
142 列挙されたものと同種という解釈 Noscitur
a sociis/”It is Known by its Companions”
143 1つのことを明記しているのはその他のものの排除を意味するという解釈
Expressio Unius/”The Mention of One Thing Excludes Other Things”
144 刑事制定法の綿密な解釈 narrow
construction of penal statutes
145 救済的制定法の広範な解釈 broad
construction of remedial statutes
146 特別法 specific statute
147 一般法 general statute
148 立法意図 Legislative intent
149 立法過程 Legislative
history
150 遡及適用に係る問題 Retroactivity
problem
151 先例法理 stare decisis
152 裁判所の意見 court
opinion
153 多数意見 majority opinion
154 同意意見 concurring opinion
155 反対意見 dissenting opinion
156 相対多数意見 plurality
opinion
157 不法行為法 Torts
158 一応の立証 prima facie
case
159 故意による不法行為 intentional
torts
160 過失による不法行為 negligence
torts
161 厳格責任 strict
liability
162 正当防衛 self-defense
163 緊急避難 necessity
164 寄与過失 contributory
negligence
165 比較過失 comparative
negligence
166 契約法 contracts
167 相互の同意 Mutual Assent
168 約因 Consideration
169 抗弁が存在しない NO
Defenses
170 申込 Offer
171 承諾 Acceptance
172 契約の成立に対する抗弁 Defenses
To Formation
173 相互の錯誤 mutual
mistake
174 一方的錯誤 unilateral
mistake
175 約因の不存在 absence of
consideration
176 違法性 illegality
177 能力の欠如に基づく抗弁 Defenses
Based On Lack Of Capacity
178 契約する法的能力の欠如 legal
incapacity to contract
179 未成年者との契約 contracts
of minors
180 意思無能力 mental
incapacity
181 酩酊した者 intoxicated
persons
182 強迫及び不当威圧 duress and
coercion
183 強制力に対する抗弁 Defenses
To enforcement
184 詐欺防止法 statutes of
frauds
185 非良心性 unconscionability
186 物品 goods
187 不動産 real estate
188 役務 services
189 無形財産 intangibles
190 建築契約 construction
contracts
191 特定履行 specific
performance
192 救済 remedies
193 コモン・ロー上の損害賠償 Legal
damages
194 填補的損害賠償 Compensatory
damages
195 名目的損害賠償 Nominal
damages
196 懲罰的損害賠償 Punitive
damages
197 原状回復による救済 Restitutionary
remedies
198 コモン・ロー上の原状回復 legal restitutionary
199 原状回復のための損害賠償 Restitutionary
damages
200 動産占有訴訟 replevin
201 不動産占有回復訴訟 Ejectment
202 エクイティ上の原状回復 Equitable
restitutionary
203 擬制信託 Constructive
trust
204 エクイティ上の先取特権 Equitable
lien
205 エクイティ上の救済 Equitable
remedies
206 中間的差止命令 interlocutory
injunction
207 一方的緊急差止命令 Temporary
restraining order
208 暫定的差止命令 Preliminary
injunction
209 本案的差止命令 Permanent
injunction
210 エクイティ上の解除 Equitable
rescission
211 破棄 Cancellation
1 勾留質問手続 pre-indictment
detention hearing
2 検察官 public
prosecutor
3 黙秘権 right to remain
silent
4 弁護人選任権 right to
counsel
5 勾留の要件 summary of
pre-indictment detention procedures
6 勾留の期間 duration of
pre-indictment detention
7 被疑事実の告知 notice of alleged
facts
8 被疑事実に対する陳述 statement
by the suspect concerning the allegation
9 勾留通知先 notification
of pre-indictment detention
10 領事機関への通報 notification
to consul
11 読み聞け reading of the
recorded statement of the defendant, signature and seal
12 公判手続 trial
procedures
13 開廷宣言 convening the
court
14 通訳人の宣誓 oath by the
interpreter
15 人定質問 question to
the defendant for identification
16 起訴状朗読 reading the
indictment
17 黙秘権の告知 notice of
right to remain silent
18 被告事件に対する陳述 statement
by the defendant concerning the charge
19 弁護人の意見 defense
counsel’s opinion
20 冒頭陳述 public
prosecutor’s opening statement
21 証拠調べ請求 request for
examination of the evidence
22 証拠請求に対する意見
opinion
of the defendant concerning the request to examine the evidence
23 書証 documentary
evidence
24 証拠物 physical
evidence
25 書証の要旨の告知 summary of
the documentary evidence
26 証拠物の展示 exhibition
of the physical evidence
27 証人申請 request to
examine a witness
28 証人申請に対する意見及び証人の採用
opinion
concerning the request to examine a witness and the ruling of admission
29 証人の尋問手続 procedure
to examine a witness
30 証人の宣誓 witness’s
oath
31 異議申立て及びその裁定 objections
and rulings
32 証人尋問の終了 conclusion
of examination of witness
33 弁論の併合決定 joinder rulings
of the oral proceedings
34 訴因及び罰条等の変更 changes
in the counts and applicable articles of laws or ordinances
35 論告 closing argument
36 弁護人の弁論 defense counsel’s
argument
37 出入国管理及び難民認定法違反のケース
case
of Violation of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act
38 窃盗のケース case of
larceny
39 被告人の最終陳述 defendant’s
final statement
40 公判期日の告知 notice of
trial date
41 次回公判期日の告知 notice of
next trial date
42 判決言渡期日の告知 notice of
judgement date
43 判決宣告 pronunciation of
judgement
44 執行猶予の説明 explaining
suspension of execution of sentence
45 未決勾留日数
inclusion of
the days held under detention pending trial in the term of punishment
46 保護観察の説明 explaining
of probation
47 上訴権の告知 notice of
the right of appeal
48 第一審における判決主文 judgment
in the court of first instance
49 主刑 principal
punishment
50 懲役 imprisonment
with forced labor
51 禁錮 imprisonment
without forced labor
52 有罪 guilty judgment
53 労役場留置 detention at
a work-house for non-payment of fine
54 刑の執行猶予 suspension
of execution of sentence
55 保護観察 probationary
supervision
56 補導処分 guidance disposition
57 没収 forfeiture
58 追徴 collection of equivalent
value
59 被害者還付 restoration
of seized object to the victim
60 仮納付 provisional
payment
61 訴訟費用の負担 payment of litigation
costs
62 計の執行の減軽又は免除 reduction
or remission of execution of punishment
63 刑の免除 remission of
punishment
64 無罪 not guilty
65 一部無罪 not guilty for
part of charges
66 免訴 dismissal for
external reasons
67 公訴棄却 dismissal of
indictment
68 管轄違い lack of
jurisdiction
69 控訴棄却 dismissal of
appeal
70 破棄自判 reversal and
rendering judgment of the case
71 破棄差戻し reversal and
remanding of the case
72 破棄移送 reversal and
transfer of the case
73 判決理由 ground for
judgment
74 罪となるべき事実 facts
constituting the offense
75 変造有価証券行使罪 uttering
altered securities
76 覚せい剤取締法違反 violation
of the Stimulant Drug Control Law
77 大麻取締法違反 violation
of the Cannabis Control Law
78 麻薬及び向精神薬取締法違反 violation
of the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control law
79 強盗致死罪 robbery
resulting in death
80 業務上過失傷害罪 bodily
injury through negligence in the conduct of occupation
81 傷害罪 bodily injury
82 詐欺罪 fraud
83 殺人罪(確定的故意) homicide
84 殺人罪(未必的故意) murder
85 銃砲刀剣類所持等取締法違反及び火薬類取締法違反
violation of the Firearms and Swords Control Law and the Gunpowder
Control law
86 万引き shoplifting
87 すり pickpocketing
88 教唆 solicitation
89 幇助 assistance
90 証拠の標目 evidence list
91 累犯前科 previous
criminal record which will raise the maximum prescribed penalty
92 確定判決 judgment which
already became final
93 法令の適用 application
of legal provisions
94 量刑の理由 grounds for
sentencing
95 アリバイ alibi
96 改悛の情 repentance/remorse
97 鑑定 expert
evidence/expert opinion
98 起訴猶予 suspension of
prosecution
99 強制送還 deportation
100 所持品検査 police inspection of personal property